Magnetic flow meters utilize the principles of electromagnetic induction to precisely measure the volume of liquid flowing through a pipe. {They consist of|A typical magnetic flow meter comprises two electrodes {positioned|installed within a conductive tube. As a charged liquid passes through the tube, it produces an electromagnetic field that is a

Ultrasonic water level measurement is a popular technique for determining the level of liquid in a tank or vessel without physical interference. These method relies high-frequency sound waves to gauge the distance between the ultrasonic sensor and the surface of the fluid. The sensor transmits a pulse of ultrasonic waves, which travel through the